Journal of Madenat Al-elem University is refereed Bi-yearly scientific journal issued by Madenat Alelem University , First volume was published in 2009, Research submitted in Arabic or in English language of the following topics: - Biology - Engineering - Medical physics - Physics - Chemistry - Mathematics - Anesthesia - Accounting - Law - Computer science The journal can also consider special issues for special events like conferences.
A Future Review and Reliability Evaluation of PMSM in EV
In recent years, electric motors have advanced to meet the demands for improved efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. These motors enhance the driving experience by boosting torque, acceleration, and overall performance. As vehicle power output rises, there is increasing focus on cost, efficiency, and driving dynamics. This paper examines the reliability of motors used in EVs and their drives. It thoroughly reviews relevant research, incorporating findings from various studies on dynamic reliability, fault tolerance, and thermal effects. The engineering strategies and comparative insights provided here offer a practical guide for future research and development in EV motor drive reliability. This article delivers a comprehensive review of the comparative reliability of PMSMs compared to other EV motor drives, highlighting their performance in dynamic conditions, design challenges, and fault-tolerant features.
Electric Vehicle (EV) PMSM , BLDC ,SRM ,Induction Motor IM ,Reliability
Study of reducing fuel acidity inside the boiler of power plants using PentoMag and reducing the percentage of toxic emissions
Corrosion of steam boilers in fuel-fired power plants poses a significant operational and economic challenge, primarily caused by the formation of acidic gases during fuel combustion. The aim of this investigation is to examine the effect of PentoMag (supplied by Pentol Renewable Energy Projects) on fuel behavior and its role in mitigating boiler corrosion at the Wasit Power Plant, Unit 6. The experimental work extended over eight weeks, during which the pH of ash solutions, free acid levels, and concentrations of emitted gases (SOx and CO) were systematically analyzed. The results revealed that, prior to treatment, the pH values of the ash solutions were strongly acidic (1.99–2.3), which directly contributed to corrosion caused by the formation of sulfuric acid inside the boiler. After adding the treated material, pH values increased to 3.8–4.2, reflecting a shift toward a less aggressive acidic medium. Likewise, free acid concentrations dropped significantly from 5.8 - 6 to negligible values (0–0.0040). Gas analysis further confirmed the positive impact of the treatment, with carbon monoxide concentrations reduced from 17–33 ppm to 4–12 ppm, and sulfur oxides decreased from 168–189 ppm to 49–90 ppm. Overall, the application of PentoMag as a fuel additive demonstrated apparent effectiveness in mitigating fuel acidity, reducing harmful emissions, and enhancing boiler efficiency and lifespan, offering a practical solution for sustainable operation in power plants.
Toxic effects of cadmium chloride on pregnancy, kidneys, and livers of newly born albino rats.
Cadmium is an environmentally toxic metal, and epidemiological studies have confirmed that exposure to it originates from various environmental sources. Study investigates the effect of cadmium chloride on uterus in rats and newborn livers and kidneys. Twenty female rats, aged 6–8 weeks and weighing 200–250 g, were divided into two groups. Group A received distilled water, while Group B received oral CdCl₂ at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day via gastric gavage, five times per week. The first day after birth, the kidneys and livers of the newborns were collected, while the non-pregnant rats were sacrificed after 35 days to collect the uterus for routine histological examination. Histopathological examination of newborn kidneys revealed mild granular degeneration and a little necrosis of lining cells of renal tubules while livers showed a similar histological feature to control group. The uterus revealed marked hyperplasia of the endometrial epithelium with noticeable multiple glandular cyst formations and marked mitotic figures of the glandular lining cells, along with many tissue macrophages laden with hemosiderin. The study showed that exposure to oral CdCl₂ affected female rats; approximately 80% of the cases were non-pregnant. Meanwhile, 20% of the pregnant females showed a decrease in the number of newborns. Examination of the newborns’ kidneys showed several changes, while the livers were similar to those of the control group.
: Cadmium., endometrial hyperplasia., hemosiderin., renal tubules necrosis
The Role of the Compliance Officer in Auditing Compliance to Meet the Requirements of the Central Bank of Iraq
The Central Bank of Iraq is one of the supervisory bodies over private banks, as it seeks to preserve the banking system through a set of tools, the most prominent of which is the creation of the position of Compliance Controller, which is part of compliance controls, and mandated banks to appoint personnel to monitor the implementation of its circulars based on its letter No. 9-3-346, dated 20-8-2019 “Sharia Compliance Report and Compliance Monitoring”, which takes it upon itself to follow up on the bank’s commitment to the instructions and decisions issued by the Central Bank and the Board of Directors, in addition to providing advice and consultation in order to correct violations, if any, to avoid being exposed to financial and administrative penalties. The study sought to demonstrate the impact of this function and the procedures it undertakes, which could affect a bank's exposure to penalties for non-compliance with requirements. An inspection form was used to verify compliance with the requirements specified by the Central Bank of Iraq. At the end of the study, the research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that the compliance officer in banks, as one of the bank’s departments within its organizational structure, has specific justifications. These include contributing to avoiding legal penalties on the bank and preventing financial losses and risks to the bank’s reputation. Banks face many and diverse risks due to their business and activities. Among these risks, which have notably increased in recent years, are legal penalty risks, reputational risks, and economic loss risks. These three risks are referred to as compliance risks.
Compliance Controller, Central Bank of Iraq, Non-Compliance Risk, Islamic Bank
The Possible Association of Adenovirus – 36 Infection with Obesity, DM – I and DM – II in some Groups of Iraqi Patients
Obesity, DM-I, and DM-II are considered major health problems and life threats for some groups of people. Many studies have revealed that the prevalence of Adv36 infection in 30% or more in the obese adult population and dramatically human adenovirus-36 (Adv36) upregulates distal insulin signaling in vitro and in vivo studies. The current study aimed to explore the association of Adenovirus – 36 infections with obesity, DM-I, and DM-II in some groups of Iraqi patients, and according to our knowledge, in Iraq, there is no published study on this topic. In total, 90 serum samples of three age groups of patients were distributed as 45 samples of patients with DM-I and another 45 samples of patients with DM-II. The presence of Adv36 Abs in serum was determined by using the “Qualitative Human Adenovirus 36 Antibody (ADV36Ab) ELISA Kit”. The prevalence of Adv36 positivity was higher in DM-II as (31.1%) followed by DM-I which estimated as (21.1%) in significant differences compared with the negativity (p< 0.05). Furthermore, that positivity was paralleled with the increase of obesity prevalence as (12.2%) in obese class I patients had been with DM-II (p< 0.05). In addition, the Adv36-positive serology test was more associated with (8 – 25) of age interval and patients with obese class I (p< 0.05), even more in females compared to males with significant differences (p< 0.05). The current results showed an association of Adv-36 antibodies existence with obesity and particularly it has been associated with overweight. Furthermore, Adv-36 positivity was related to DM-II patients first then followed by DM-1 for the Iraqi patients. Finally, our results give the warning to evaluate the issues with more highly efficient laboratories and clinical techniques to confirm the real role of Adv-36 as a co-factor with obesity in obese and diabetic Iraqi patients.
Diabetes mellitus type -1 (DM-I), (DM-II), Human adenovirus-36, Obesity
Polyurethane Classification, Properties, Synthesis, and Application- A Review
Polyurethane is a synthetic polymer with a wide range of applications due to its unique structure and properties. This review highlights the chemistry of polyurethane and its several types. Polyurethanes are classified according to their chemical structure into polyether polyurethanes and polyester polyurethanes. Polyurethanes are also classified according to their shape into flexible polyurethanes and rigid polyurethanes. These polymers are produced by the reaction of polyisocyanates and polyols, and other additives are also added during their preparation, including catalysts, chain extenders and crosslinkers, surfactants, and blowing agents. The physical and chemical properties of polyurethanes have given them numerous industrial applications, including) coatings, adhesives, sealants, plastics, automotive, medical, textiles and apparels, marine, and wood-based polyurethane composites.
: Polyurethane, polyisocyanates, polyols and plastics
Pan-Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A Review of Current and Investigational Treatment Options
The rise of pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (PDR-AB) is a growing global health concern, especially in hospital settings. This review provides an overview of current and emerging treatment strategies for managing infections caused by PDR-AB. Several antibiotic combinations such as colistin with rifampicin, fosfomycin with tigecycline or meropenem, and cefepime with Ampicillin/sulbactam, have shown promising results in laboratory and clinical studies. These combinations work by targeting different resistance mechanisms and helping restore the effectiveness of older drugs. New and experimental approaches, including photodynamic therapy, nanocomposite systems, natural plant-based compounds (e.g., baicalein), and bacteriophage therapy, offer additional treatment options. Furthermore, novel agents like peptide nucleic acids, DHODH inhibitors, and the macrocyclic antibiotic zosurabalpin are under investigation and may play an important role in future therapies. Together, these multi-targeted strategies represent a hopeful path forward for overcoming resistance and improving outcomes for patients with life-threatening PDR-AB infections.
: Acinetobacter baumannii; Global Health; Anti-Bacterial Agents; pan-drug-resistant.
Enhanced Gate Security System using CNN for Iraqi Vehicle and License Plate Detection
This paper presents the development of an advanced gate security system using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for the detection and recognition of Iraqi vehicles and their license plates. The proposed architecture consists of an image acquisition module, a preprocessing and segmentation pipeline, a CNN-based license plate recognition model, and a gate control unit integrated with a stepper motor and Arduino controller. The system works on a dataset of Iraqi license plate images obtained from public sources, standing for various lighting conditions, angles, and font styles to ensure robustness. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves perfect accuracy, with 100% precision, recall, and F1-score across all tested digit classes. These results show the system’s capability to accurately classify license plates, even under challenging scenarios such as poor lighting or partial occlusion. The high reliability and automation potential of this approach make it highly suitable for real-world gate control applications, especially in sensitive environments such as government buildings and secure facilities. This work highlights the importance of integrating AI-based solutions into modern security infrastructures to enhance access control with minimal human intervention and improved operational efficiency.
Detection and Analysis of Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision impairment among diabetic patients, underscoring the critical need for early and accurate detection to ensure effective management. This study introduces an automated diagnostic system that detects and analyzes DME based on artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Tested on 100 retinal fundus images, the system achieved 97% accuracy, 98% sensitivity, and 96% specificity. A comprehensive dataset including 800 real retinal images and 500 anonymized patient records was collected from Ibn Al-Haytham Eye Hospital and processed using a custom-built Python-based pipeline. The proposed system integrates advanced image processing and optical character recognition (OCR) algorithms to extract relevant diagnostic features and classify DME cases efficiently. The average processing time per image was approximately 1.2 seconds, making the system suitable for real-time clinical environments. Furthermore, all diagnostic outcomes were automatically exported to structured Excel reports to facilitate further analysis and integration with electronic health records. A user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) was also developed to allow clinicians to upload images, review classification results, and manage patient information seamlessly. This approach offers a practical and scalable solution that enhances diagnostic workflow, supports clinical decision-making, and contributes to improved patient care in ophthalmology.
: Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), Retinal Imaging, Ophthalmology, Medical Image Analysis, Automated Diagnosis
The role of accounting information quality in enhancing interim financial reports and its impact on information asymmetry.
This study aims to examine the impact of accounting information quality—reflected in its qualitative characteristics—on improving the quality of interim financial reports and reducing information asymmetry. The research employs a descriptive analytical approach based on data collected from multiple sources and a questionnaire distributed to heads of accounts, accountants, and internal auditors in a sample of banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between accounting information quality and both the quality of interim financial statements and the reduction of information asymmetry. The results confirm that accounting information quality plays a crucial role in enhancing financial reporting quality and minimizing information asymmetry.
: Accounting Information Quality, Interim Financial Reporting Quality, Information Asymmetry.
Batool Younus Sabeeh Al-Tameem Al-Tameem
An Enhanced Manta Ray Foraging Algorithm with Lévy Flight and Heuristic Operator for Efficient Scientific Workflow Scheduling in Cloud Environments
Scientific workflow scheduling in cloud environments is challenging due to the dynamic availability of resources and interdependence among tasks. This article presents a novel hybrid solution—namely Lévy-Heuristic Manta Ray Foraging Optimization Algorithm (LH-MRFOA)—to tackle these challenges. The suggested approach incorporates Lévy flights into the classic Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (MRFO) to enhance global exploration and introduces a heuristic dependency management operator for task assignment optimization and wait time minimization. Comprehensive experimentation on benchmark standards (Inspiral, CyberShake, Montage, SIPHT, and Epigenomics) validates that LH-MRFOA consistently outperforms traditional meta-heuristics (GA, PSO) and variant MRFO enhancements in minimizing makespan and operational cost. These findings recognize LH-MRFOA's potential for large-scale, data-heavy applications requiring timely and affordable use of resources in modern cloud data centers.
The Relationship Between the Immunological Markers and the Effects of Ascorbic Acid in Patients with Celiac Disease
Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion, resulting in intestinal inflammation, villous atrophy, and systemic complications. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a potent antioxidant that may help mitigate oxidative damage and modulate immune responses in CD. Aims of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid on immunological markers in CD patients. Materials and Methods; A total of 36 blood samples from CD patients and 50 healthy controls were analyzed. Immunological markers, including anti-gliadin antibodies IgA and IgG (AGA-IgA, IgG) and anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA and IgG (tTG-IgA, IgG), were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Redox activity was assessed pre- and post- Blood treatment with ascorbic acid using cyclic voltammetry. Results: CD patients exhibited significantly higher levels of AGA-IgG (149.13 ± 58.40 pg/mL vs. 4.41 ± 3.87 pg/mL, p ≤ 0.0001), AGA-IgA (107.89 ± 83.18 pg/mL vs. 4.53 ± 4.22 pg/mL, p ≤ 0.0001), tTG-IgG (96.81 ± 84.76 pg/mL vs. 2.60 ± 3.02 pg/mL, p ≤ 0.0001), and tTG-IgA (139.22 ± 74.36 pg/mL vs. 3.52 ± 2.97 pg/mL, p ≤ 0.0001) compared to controls. ROC analysis confirmed high diagnostic accuracy of AGA and tTG markers (AUC ≥ 0.95). Correlation analysis demonstrated that ascorbic acid modulates redox activity and immune responses in CD patients. Conclusions: This study highlights ability to reduce oxidative stress of ascorbic acid in CD and stabilize immune responses. Further research is warranted to establish ascorbic acid’s clinical application in CD management.
AGA-IgA, and IgG, Celiac disease, Ascorbic Acid, cyclic voltammetry, tTG-IgA, and –IgG .
Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Iraq: Strategic Integration Framework
This study examines the strategic role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in accelerating Iraq’s digital transformation, particularly within the public sector. It adopts a hybrid analytical methodology, combining SWOT and PESTEL frameworks, regional benchmarking, and a sector-specific case studies from different domains. The findings reveal untapped national potential, hindered by infrastructural and legislative gaps, yet propelled by political support and growing academic interest. The study presents an executable roadmap tailored to Iraq’s institutional realities, offering a practical model that positions Iraq to become a regional hub for AI innovation by 2030.
Artificial Intelligence, Digital Transformation, AI Strategy, Institutional Reform, Digital Infrastructure
Empowering Intelligent Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Modern Optimization Techniques and Real-World Applications
Optimization techniques are fundamental enablers of modern intelligent systems. They are pivotal in many different applications. This paper presents a comprehensive and comparative review of key optimization algorithms—including Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Gradient Descent, and the advanced Gaining Sharing Knowledge (GSK) model. The study critically analyses their design principles, convergence behaviour, adaptability, and parameter sensitivity. Leveraging fifty peer-reviewed real-world case studies published between 2020 and 2024, the review demonstrates how these techniques have been effectively applied across smart grid control, machine learning model tuning, intelligent healthcare, and logistics optimization. A comparative table summarizes algorithmic performance across five key dimensions, revealing practical trade-offs and domain-specific suitability. The study also identifies major challenges such as scalability, real-time adaptation, and explainability. In response, it outlines promising future directions including hybrid adaptive frameworks, quantum-inspired search strategies, and context-aware intelligent optimization. This review aims to guide researchers and practitioners in selecting, adapting, and deploying robust optimization strategies aligned with the complex demands of next-generation intelligent environments.
Optimization , Intelligent Systems, Metaheuristic Algorithms, Real-World Applications , AI Integration
Real-time Monitoring, Fall Detection, and Emergency Notification IoT-Based System for COVID-19 Patients Using Biomedical and Environmental Sensors
Many patients, particularly the elderly, disabled individuals, those infected with COVID-19, and people living in isolation, require immediate care to prevent life-threatening situations in medical environments. Real-time monitoring ensures safe patient surveillance, enabling quick responses to emergencies. This paper presents the design and implementation of a real-time monitoring system that utilizes Arduino, mobile phone devices, and IoT-enabled biomedical and environmental sensors to measure heart rate, SpO2, body temperature, air quality, humidity, and detect falls. Wireless communication facilitates the placement of sensors anywhere, enabling real-time notifications via IoT and mobile networks. Arduino, Android Studio, and XAMPP are integrated into the proposed system’s architecture, overcoming the limitations of previous systems by providing greater flexibility, portability, and accuracy. The biomedical sensors were validated against medical-grade devices and demonstrated high accuracy. Heart rate readings showed a 98% correlation, SpO2 levels had an average error of less than 2%, and body temperature measurements deviated by only ±0.3°C compared to standard clinical thermometers. Additionally, the environmental sensors effectively monitored air quality and humidity, issuing alerts upon detecting significant deviations. When anomalies in air quality occurred, the system successfully generated emergency notifications with a 95% accuracy rate in identifying hazardous conditions.
IoT, Real-time Monitoring, Emergency Notification, Biomedical Sensors, Environmental Sensors, Fall Detection, COVID-19, Arduino, Android Studio, Wireless Communication.
The Ripple Effect of Plastic Pollution: Environmental and Public Health Perspectives: A review
Plastic pollution is a major issue of the current century. This waste is found in seas, freshwater, lakes, rivers, coastal areas, and soil. In this article, this article discusses the various sources of plastic pollution, including the manufacturing process of plastics and the addition of materials to improve their properties, as well as the use of single-use plastics that are not recyclable, in addition to burning and illegal waste disposal in the open. The impact on public health is through human exposure to toxins from plastics in the environment directly through inhaling dust and fumes, consuming contaminated food and drink, and skin contact. Indirectly, when marine creatures consume microplastics, they will find their way into our diet. Recycling plastic waste and using bioplastics is one solution to alleviate this problem, but consideration must be given to reducing overall plastic consumption.
Plastic pollution, Plastic waste, Microplastic, Public health, Environment .
Synthesis and Characterization of Bi2O3: Sb Nanostructured Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method
In the present work, thin films of undoped bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and bismuth oxide doped with antimony ( Bi2O3: Sb) were deposited on glass substrates by using the chemical spray pyrolysis process. We prepared the films with various weight percentages of antimony (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt%). Throughout the experiment, the substrate was maintained at a consistent temperature of 380°C for the deposition operation. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of antimony doping on the structural and optical characteristics of the Bi2O3 film. We studied the structural and optical properties of the prepared thin films using x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The X-ray diffraction results showed that the prepared films were polycrystalline with a tetragonal structure. Thin films of Sb doped Bi2O3 demonstrated increasing absorption with increasing the concentration of the dopant . The measured energy gap value for undoped Bi2O3 was 3.04 eV. Increasing the concentration of the antimony dopant led to a decrease in the energy gap value (from 3.04 to 2.48 eV). Undoped bismuth oxide and 9% Sb doped bismuth oxide were deposited on porous silicon, as it is used in solar cell manufacturing. The solar cell features were evaluated.
Bismuth oxide, Thin films, Optical properties, Optoelectronic applications
Cherophobia among students at the City of Science University College
The current research aims to identify the presence of cherophobia among students at Madenat Al-Elelm University College and examin gender- based differences in its levels (male vs .female ) . to achieve these objectives, the researcher developed a cherophobia scale based on a theoretical framework. The scale consisted of (20) items. It was administered to a randomly selected sample of (300) male and female students from the college. The results indicated that college students either do not suffer from cherophobia or experience it at a very low level, there were statistically significant gender differences in cherophobia levels , with males exhibiting higher levels than females.
cherophobia, fear of happiness, college students.
The impact of applying target costing technology and intelligent transportation systems on transportation costs
This research aims to demonstrate the significant role played by target costing technology as a technique compatible with modern technological developments, and intelligent transportation systems as a revolutionary force in the rapidly expanding contemporary transportation environment. Intelligent transportation systems combine advanced technology, data analysis, and communication systems aimed at enhancing the efficiency and safety of transportation networks. The target costing technique impacts the external environment by providing accurate information and a scientific basis for determining indirect costs, precisely measuring costs from the initial project planning stages through implementation and highlighting their impact on transportation costs. This technology also supports informed decision-making in the face of intense competition and multiple alternatives.
Application of value engineering technique and its reflection on cost leadership strategy
The research aims to achieve cost leadership in acid battery production according to the principles of reducing costs, increasing product quality, preserving the environment, and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage by using the information content of value engineering technology. This will help solve the research problem of the high costs of liquid acid batteries produced by the General Company for Automotive and Equipment Manufacturing - Battery Factory - Babylon 2 Factory, in addition to the increase in environmental pollutants that affect the health of workers as a result of failing to keep pace with rapid developments and not utilizing cost management techniques and modern manufacturing methods. This has led to the inability to compete in the market. Value engineering technology utilizes several methods, such as replacing non-environmentally friendly materials with environmentally friendly alternatives at a lower cost and recycling used batteries, in addition to working on increasing product quality. In order to achieve the research goal, the research population was chosen, represented by the General Company for Automotive and Equipment Manufacturing (Battery Factory), and Babylon 2 Factory was chosen as a sample for the research to apply the research variables to.
Cost Leadership, Value Engineering Technique, Competitive Advantage, Recycling
Judicial permissibility in a marriage lacking legal capacity and its impact on increasing divorce cases
With increasing calls to limit the marriage of minors through the media and seminars held by civil society organizations defending women and demanding their rights, and claims of an increase in divorce rates in particular for this group. This study came to determine the extent of the impact of judicial permissibility based on the text of Article (8) of the Personal Status Law No. 188 of 1959, as it explained the meaning of eligibility, its levels, conditions for achieving it, and everything related to the marriage of a minor from a legal perspective. It then shed light on the rates of marriage of minors compared to adults and the rates of divorce in these two categories through a field study in both the Personal Status Courts in Al-Kadhimiya and Dhat Al-Silsil and reviewing related records, and concluded with a set of results and recommendations.
Keywords: legal permissibility, eligibility, marriage, divorce .
Costing of Iraqi University Buildings Subject to LEED Standard
The research aims to determine the costs of sustainable buildings according to the superiority standards in energy and environmental design to achieve savings in the consumption of resources (such as energy and water) and to preserve the environment in terms of reducing the negative impact of buildings on the environment. this one of the most important causes of global warming, which requires the application of sustainable strategies in order to reduce their negative impact and save on the consumption of resources ,this achieving the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental and social). It was concluded that it is necessary to determine the costs of sustainable buildings according to the standards of the leadership in energy and environmental design system represented by (transportation and location standard, sustainable location standard, water consumption efficiency standard, energy consumption and atmosphere efficiency standard, materials, resources and waste management standard, indoor environmental quality standard) that will be adopted in determining the costs of rehabilitating existing university buildings towards sustainable
Costing, Sustainable Buildings, LEED Standards
The Role of the Public in Preventing and Combating Crime
The responsibility of building a society in which security, stability and prosperity prevail is no longer limited to the executive state institutions alone. Rather, the citizen must have a role in confronting all the dangers that threaten the entity of that society, including crime, as it constitutes a danger to all members of society. The individual is harmed by crime, directly or indirectly, and that is why most legislation is keen to urge the citizen to contribute to fighting crime through the included provision that encourages the individual to do these actions and in some cases these provisions are mandatory that imposes a penalty on those who fail to do it. Among the actions that citizens can do is report crimes, as well as arrest their perpetrators. Given the importance of this topic, it has been highlighted in order to know whether the citizen's contributions in this field are at the required level or not. In order to reach the necessary recommendations and proposals that increase the effectiveness of these contributions.
crime , report , arrest , citizen , accused .
Converting Solid waste to electrical energy: review the utilization of the techniques and applications in the Region
The MENA (Middle East & North Africa) face significant challenges in waste management due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and economic development, these challenges require innovative and sustainable solutions to deal with the increasing quantities of solid waste. Converting solid waste to electrical energy represents a promising solution that can reduce the environmental impact and provide an alternative source of energy. This study aims to review the application of different solid waste to electrical energy technologies in the MENA, focusing on incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, landfill gas recovery, and hybrid systems. Also, it presents environmental, economic, and social advantages, as well as their Challenges. This study also presents an analysis of the regional waste composition, the suitability of the technologies, and the Regulatory Barriers to Solid Waste to Electrical Energy Technologies with identifying potential opportunities to enhance the application of these technologies. Also, this study provides strategic recommendations to support the adoption of Solid waste to electrical energy technologies in the MENA, including improving regulatory frameworks, providing financial incentives, and enhancing public-private partnerships. The study also calls for increasing public awareness and waste source segregation to maximise these technologies' benefits. Through these recommendations, Solid waste to electrical energy technologies can contribute to achieving sustainable development goals and promoting a circular economy in the region, thus improving quality of life and reducing environmental pollution.
Waste-to-energy (WtE), Solid waste to electrical energy, sustainable development, incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, landfill Methane gas recovery
Electrochemical reduction of gold nanoparticles using scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) technique
A thin film of gold–ions doped microscope slides was synthesized by using the sol-gel method. Firstly, tetraethyl orthosilane ( TEOS) incorporated with AuCl3 was hydrolyzed and then conduced. Microscope slides have been immersed in silica solution for a few minutes to form a thin layer of silica on the slides. Then, the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) technique was used for electro reduction of gold ions. Many techniques have been used to characterize the microscope slides before and after the reduction such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical microscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) calculations.
Electrochemical reduction, gold nanoparticles, SECM
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in environmental and economic life cycle analysis of green hydrogen production: improving efficiency and sustainability
This paper aims to explore the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in improving the environmental and economic analysis of the life cycle of green hydrogen production. The study includes a presentation of how AI can be used to collect and analyze data, model future scenarios, improve process efficiency, and manage risks. Green hydrogen is one of the most promising solutions to achieve sustainability and clean energy goals, but its production requires advanced technology and high efficiency. The study used a multi-level approach that includes a literature review, experimental data analysis, and the application of predictive models and simulations, with a focus on practical applications of AI in the life cycle stages. The study showed that AI can improve the accuracy and effectiveness of data collection, build advanced predictive models, and experiment with scenarios to determine the best environmental and economic options. AI also has the potential to improve the efficiency of production processes by optimizing resource allocation and reducing waste, which increases the productivity of electrolyzer. In addition, AI has contributed to the effective assessment and management of risks, which helps in making informed decisions. AI tools have provided advanced graphical visualizations and data-driven recommendations, which facilitate the decision-making process and enhance sustainability. The study finds that AI plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of green hydrogen production and recommends further research and development in this area to achieve global sustainability goals.
Green Hydrogen, Artificial Intelligence, Renewable Energy, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), Sustainability, Operational Efficiency, Risk Management.
Study of Converting waste to energy: Iraq’s potential and the role of artificial intelligence in sustainable solutions
Energy supply and waste management are becoming increasingly important for Iraq and the Middle East. Population growth, rapid urbanization, and economic development have increased waste generation. In addition, when energy demand exceeds supply, it leads to frequent power outages. Waste-to-energy is a new approach that offers environmental, economic, and security benefits by integrating waste treatment with clean energy production. This paper examines several waste-to-energy methods in Iraq today, including gasification, incineration, and others. These technologies have the potential to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, increase local and sustainable energy sources, and reduce the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills. Strategies for waste-to-energy are also discussed, as are the challenges facing waste-to-energy programs in Iraq. The role of the world and the Middle East in waste-to-energy, especially electricity, is also discussed. In addition, future prospects for Iraq are highlighted, including strengthening government initiatives, the possibility of international cooperation, and utilizing large amounts of waste as a resource for energy generation. Several suggestions have been made to improve the method waste-to-energy projects are implemented in Iraq. These suggestions include developing a strong infrastructure for waste management and energy conversion, using appropriate and advanced waste-to-energy technologies, such as electricity. Also, efficient policies and regulations should be enacted to support waste-to-energy. Iraq can also seize the opportunity to develop strategic partnerships with international companies specialized in environmental technology and waste-to-energy and also focus on marketing and awareness to enhance community awareness of the benefits of waste-to-energy and electricity generation, which would encourage increased investment projects in this field.
Waste-to-energy, Artificial Intelligence, Renewable Energy. Machine learning ,IoT, Smart cities.
Detection of some virulence factors in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from clinical specimens in Iraq
120 samples were collected from different clinical samples including swabs from wounds, noses, and pimples, blood, CSF, and medical equipment (catheters for dialysis and heart valves), among different age groups and sexes, from Gazzi Al-Hariri Hospital and Baghdad Teaching Hospital, during the period from Dec. 2022 to Aug. 2023. The ages from 10 to 65 years old were the range of the study. According to the results, 73 (60.83%) of the samples tested positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the 47 females (64.38%) were more infected than the 26 males (35.61%). The age group of (36–50 years) showed a considerable increase in the infection ratio, followed by (25-35 years), then the age group of (51-65 years) and (10-24 years). The current study was performed in Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Department of Bacteriology. Differential and specific culture media were used to confirm the isolated clinical specimens. Virulence factors and biochemical tests were performed. The diagnosis was verified with the Vitek 2 system. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was achieved by applying the disk diffusion method. Ten S. epidermidis isolates were chosen, and their DNA was extracted and amplified using PCR to detect and validate the presence of the (mecAand ermA) genes. The current study used male mice as a model to perform the lethal dose (LD50). The mice weighed between 22 and 30 g and were between the ages of 2 and 3 months. And in the College of Veterinary Medicine, the mice were sheltered in the animal house. The mice were treated with the bacterial suspension that was adjusted to 0.5 McFerland standard, while, the control group was treated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and the mice were daily monitored. The mice exhibited transient behavioral abnormalities, decreased movement, and lethargy when compared with the control group. The skin showed pictures of severe dermatitis. When the mice died, their affected skin, liver, intestine, and heart were taken and preserved in the formalin to send them to the laboratory of histopathology. The histopathology techniques were performed in the histopathology laboratory-College of Veterinary Medicine. Normal cytoarchitecture and appearance were seen in the histopathology figures of the control group. While, the figures of the histopathology of the injury group showed severe hepatitis, severe myocardial infarction, severe enteritis, and the skin appeared with severe dermatitis.
Virulence factors; Differential culture media; Antibiotic sensitivity test; Lethal dose 50 (LD50); Molecular study.
(Applied study of a selected sample of companies listed in the
The current research aims to evaluate common stocks and form their optimal portfolio using the pricing of capital assets to identify the level of improvement in the investment portfolio formed according to traditional methods in order to assist in making investment decisions in the Iraqi market for securities. The research sample and the research community included all sectors in the Iraqi market for securities, and the research sample consisted of (22) companies that met the search conditions for the period (2016-2020). The research concluded that the analysis of the market value of the shares of the research sample resulted from a clear fluctuation in these values ​​as a result of the continuous changes in stock prices and all the companies of the research sample were also characterized by high risks, and this was reflected by the beta coefficient of the stock, which appeared to be higher than the market risks, and this reflects the degree of sensitivity The high returns of the shares of all companies in the direction of the change in the market return, and this shows the reason for the high volatility of the returns of the shares of companies, and then the high risk, and therefore these shares are described as risky shares. From the analysis of the real value of the shares of the companies, the research sample according to the cash flow model, the pricing discrepancy for the prices of companies’ shares, as All companies were far from the true value, and this reflects the science of the ability of this model to explain stock prices.
Evaluation of Loans Submitted to the Youth in Creating Job Opportunities and Enhancing the Provision of Services
The current situation of poverty in Iraq is one of the most critical ones in recent years due to the security and economic conditions in the country, which witnessed an increase and a significant negative impact on the living conditions of the poor, which led to an increase in unemployment and disadvantage. Therefore, the concerned authorities must put in place effective policies to deal with this crisis, mitigate its consequences, and address the difficult economic conditions experienced by these groups, especially the most vulnerable groups, such as women, children, and the elderly. Consequently, economic policies and action plans have been put in place to remedy this crisis, including the adoption of policies for granting loans to finance the establishment of small and tiny economic projects for the purpose of establishing projects that provide job opportunities through the establishment of loan funds that included various groups.
Loans, Youth, Unemployment, Job Oppertunities, Services.